• Un Venerdi Nero Suvat 2016
• Venerdi Nero
• Un Venerdi Nero Suvat 2017

Black Friday (Persian: جمعه سیاه Jom'e-ye Siyāh) is the name given to 8 September 1978 (17 Shahrivar 1357 in the Iranian calendar)^[7] because of the shootings in Jaleh Square (Persian: میدان ژاله Meydān-e Jāleh) in Tehran, Iran.^[8][9] Between 84–15,000^[5] people were killed in the incident and 205-8,000 were injured. The deaths were described as the pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution that ended any 'hope for compromise' between the protest movement and regime of the Mohammad Reza Shah.^[10] The incident is described by historian Ervand Abrahamian as 'a sea of blood between the shah and the people.'^[2]

BLACK AROMATIC ITALIAN RICE Venere is an Italian brown and aromatic rice with black natural ebony colour and named as the ancient Goddess of Love, Venus. This rice, with a semi-round grain, is partly milled with a delicate processing to preserve all its nutritional principles.

• 5In art

Background[edit]

As protests against the Shah's rule continued during the spring and the summer of 1978, the Iranian government declared martial law. On 8 September, thousands gathered in Tehran's Jaleh Square for a religious demonstration, unaware that the government had declared martial law a day earlier.^[11]

Massacre[edit]

The soldiers ordered the crowd to disperse, but the order was ignored. Initially, it was thought that because of that reason the protesters' continuous pushing towards the military that made it open fire, killing and wounding dozens of people.

Recent theories have suggested greater ambiguity in the situation, especially because of the presence of Palestinian guerrillas in Iran, who some^[who?] believe were agitators.^[12][6]

Aftermath[edit]

Black Friday is thought to have marked the point of no return for the revolution, and it led to the abolition of Iran's monarchy less than a year later. It is also believed that Black Friday played a crucial role in further radicalizing the protest movement, uniting the opposition to the Shah and mobilized the masses. Initially, opposition and western journalists claimed that the Iranian army had massacred thousands of protesters.^[1][13][14] The clerical leadership announced that 'thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops'.^[15]

The events triggered protests that continued for another four months. The day after Black Friday, Amir-Abbas Hoveyda resigned as minister of court for unrelated reasons.

A general strike in October shut down the petroleum industry that was essential to the administration's survival, 'sealing the Shah's fate'.^[16] The continuation of protests ultimately led to Shah leaving Iran in January 1979, clearing the way for the Iranian Revolution, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]}

Legacy[edit]

Initially, western media and opposition reported '15,000 dead and wounded' despite reports by the Iranian government officials that 86 people had died in Tehran in the whole day.^[24]Michael Foucault, an influential French journalist and social theorist, first reported that 2000 to 3000 people had died in the Jaleh Square, and he later raised that number to 4000.^[1] The BBC's correspondent in Iran, Andrew Whitley, reported that hundreds had died.^[25]

According to Emadeddin Baghi, a former researcher at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid, part of the current Iranian government, which compensates families of victims) hired 'to make sense of the data' on those killed on Black Friday, 64 were killed in Jaleh Square on Black Friday, with two females: one woman and a young girl. On the same day in other parts of the capital, 24 people died in clashes with martial law forces, with one female, making the total casualties on the same day to 88 deaths.^[1] Another source puts the Martyrs Foundation tabulation of dead at 84 during that day.^[26]

The square's name was later changed to the Square of Martyrs (Maidan-e Shohada) by the Islamic republic.^[14]

In art[edit]

In Persian[edit]

In 1978 shortly after the massacre, the Iranian musician Hossein Alizadeh set Siavash Kasraie's poem about the event to music. Mohammad Reza Shajarian sang the piece 'Jāleh Khun Shod' (Jaleh [Square] became bloody).^[27]

In English[edit]

Nastaran Akhavan, one of the survivors, wrote the book Spared about the event. The book explains how the author was forced into a massive wave of thousands of angry protesters, who were later massacred by the Shah's military.^[28] The 2016 adventure video game1979 Revolution: Black Friday is based on the event. The game is directed by Navid Khonsari, who was a child at the time of the revolution and admitted he did not have a realistic view of what was taking place. Khonsari described creating the game as '[wanting] people to feel the passion and the elation of being in the revolution – of feeling that you could possibly make a change.'^[29]

Un Venerdi Nero Suvat 2016

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcd'A Question of Numbers'.
2. ^ ^abShakman Hurd, Elizabeth (2009). The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-1400828012. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
3. ^Berg-Sørensen, Anders (2016). Contesting Secularism: Comparative Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN9781317160243. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
4. ^Thiessen, Mark (2008). An Island of Stability: The Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Dutch Opinion. Sidestone Press. ISBN9789088900198. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
5. ^ ^abc'Emad Baghi :: English'. www.emadbaghi.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
6. ^ ^abAndrew Scott Cooper,The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran Hardcover – July 19, 2016 ISBN0805098976
7. ^Abrahamian, Ervand (21 July 1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0691101347. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
8. ^Bashiriyeh, Hossein (27 April 2012). The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. ISBN9781136820892. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
9. ^Fischer, Michael M. J. (15 July 2003). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN9780299184735. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
10. ^Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 160–1
11. ^Bakhash, Schaul (1990). The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution. New York: Basic Books. p. 15.
12. ^Manouchehr, Ganji (2002). Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to a Shah to a Leader of resistance. p. 14. ISBN978-0275971878.
13. ^'Islamic Revolution of Iran'. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.
14. ^ ^ab'Black Friday'. Archived from the original on 20 May 2003.
15. ^Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 223.
16. ^Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 189.
17. ^The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution, Abbas Milani, pp. 292–293
18. ^Seven Events That Made America America, Larry Schweikart, p.
19. ^The Iranian Revolution of 1978/1979 and How Western Newspapers Reported It, Edgar Klüsener, p. 12
20. ^Cultural History After Foucault, John Neubauer, p. 64
21. ^Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society, by Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach, p. 264
22. ^The A to Z of Iran, John H. Lorentz, p. 63
23. ^Islam and Politics, John L. Esposito, p. 212
24. ^Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah (2003) Answer to History Irwin Pub, page 160, ISBN978-0772012968
25. ^'Black Friday Massacre – Iran (SEp. 8 1978)'. Retrieved 7 June 2013
26. ^E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', Emruz, 30 July 2003, quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 160–1
27. ^Staff writers. 'Jales became bloody'. www.asriran.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
28. ^Akhavan, Nastaran (3 May 2012). Spared. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN978-1463619428.
29. ^Holpuch, Amanda (14 November 2013). 'Frag-counter revolutionaries: Iran 1979 revolution-based video game to launch'. The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.

Venerdi Nero

Un Venerdi Nero Suvat 2017